Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is a cornerstone of ESA’s exploration programme and a key stepping stone for missions beyond Earth’s orbit. The International Space Station (ISS) serves as a unique microgravity laboratory, enabling and exploration-enabled and exploration-focused science in human physiology, biology, physics, and technology development. The knowledge gained in LEO directly supports future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

ESA is an important partner in the ISS programme, ensuring European access to space-based research and astronaut missions. Research conducted in LEO also delivers tangible benefits on Earth, contributing to advances in healthcare, materials science, industrial processes, and innovative technologies with real-world applications.

As the ISS era evolves, ESA is preparing for the transition to autonomous platforms and Commercial LEO Destinations (CLDs), expanding opportunities for science, technology demonstration, and commercial partnerships. This next generation of LEO infrastructure will help build a sustainable ecosystem in Earth orbit, supporting long-term exploration ambitions while continuing to generate value for society on Earth.